Index of studies: browse the surveys and download data
Last updated . Reviewed by Grace Falgoust, USC Neely Center for Ethical Leadership and Decision Making.
This is a working document that is periodically updated through editor curation and review. We use AI to assist in this process. If you see errors or opportunities to add new studies, please contact us.
Filter by harm, platform, and per-app coverage. Each study links to its sources, including the verbatim survey question behind every figure.
Population surveys and studies in the US, Australia, and UK, with sample sizes ranging from ~500 to ~20,000. Sampling methods include probability, mixed designs, and non-probability. Several studies include individual app prevalence data.
Filter by harm
Per-app data
41 surveys
Click column headers to sort. Click colored harm badges to expand survey questions. Click on the study title or icon to see sources and citations.
| Geo ▲ | Study | Year | N | Ages | Harms | Offline | Per-App | Files | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU | eSafety Behind the Screen | 2025 | 1,049 | 8-12 | — | Non-probability; Under-13 (8–12) cohort; full survey n=1,504 aged 8–15 (incl. 455 aged 13–15). Account-ownership rates use the smaller group who used each app. | |||
| AU | eSafety Keeping Kids Safe Online | 2025 | 2,629 | 10-15 | Non-probability; The Digital Use & Risk report analyses the 10-15 platform-engagement subset (n=2,629) of the parent Keeping Kids Safe Online survey (n=3,454 aged 10-17). | ||||
| AU | eSafety: Early days, early insights | 2026 | 803 | 10-15 | — | Non-probability; Children aged 10–15 at follow-up; full follow-up n=1,021 parent–child dyads. Weighted child sample; mixed parent-panel recruitment. Problematic Use is child-reported online consequences/control; no per-app breakdown or diagnostic prevalence. | |||
| AU | Walsh Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS) Online Victimization | 2025 | 3,500 | 16-24 | — | No | Probability (ACMS); ages 16-24 sub-sample of ACMS asked about under-18 experiences. | ||
| Multi | Snap Digital Well-Being Index (Wave 1) | 2023 | 6,002 | 13-24 | — | No | Non-probability; online survey across six countries. N=6,002 covers respondents aged 13–24; the full survey includes 9,003 respondents including parents. Harm rates are reported for the combined 13–24 group without a separate 13–17 breakdown. | ||
| Multi | Snap Digital Well-Being Index (Wave 2) | 2024 | 3,006 | 13-17 | — | No | Non-probability; Scoped to teens 13-17 (N=3,006). Snap surveys Gen Z 13-24 (full base N=6,008: teens 3,006 + young adults 3,002) + parents 3,002; the deck reports headline rates on the combined 13-24 base with teen breakouts. | ||
| Multi | Snap Digital Well-Being Index (Wave 3) | 2025 | 3,003 | 13-17 | — | No | Non-probability; Scoped to teens 13-17 (N=3,003). Snap surveys Gen Z 13-24 (full base N=6,004: teens 3,003 + young adults 3,001) + parents 3,003; the deck reports headline rates on the combined 13-24 base with teen breakouts. | ||
| Multi | Snap Digital Well-Being Index (Wave 4) | 2026 | 3,003 | 13-17 | — | No | Non-probability; Scoped to teens 13-17 (N=3,003). Snap surveys Gen Z 13-24 (full base N=6,007: teens 3,003 + young adults 3,004) + parents 3,030; the deck reports headline rates on the combined 13-24 base with teen breakouts. | ||
| UK | Ofcom Children and Parents Media Literacy Tracker 2025/26 | 2026 | 3,426 | 8-17 | Non-probability; Child self-report frame: ages 8–17, n=3,426. The full parent/child survey contains 5,008 sampled child units, including 1,582 parent-only younger units. Under-13 subgroup ages 8–12: n=1,665; ages 8–9 n=649 (weighted base 567), ages 10–12 n=1,016 (weighted base 889). QC20 is in the child core. Bullying is in randomized Module E (n=1,724), with consenters n=1,342 and personal victims n=335; weighted bases 1,438 / 1,112 / 259. Parent QP20 ages 3–7 is outside this entry. | ||||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online Behaviour & Attitudes (COBA) 2023 | 2024 | 3,383 | 3-17 | Non-probability (online panel); Children answer directly from age 8; parents answer for younger children. Age bands 3-4 / 5-7 / 8-11 / 12-15 / 16-17 — 8-11 is the only band entirely below 13, base 816 unweighted / 936 weighted | ||||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online Behaviour & Attitudes (COBA) 2024 | 2025 | 3,406 | 3-17 | Non-probability (online panel); Children answer directly from age 8; parents answer for younger children. | ||||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online Safety Tracker (COST) Wave 1 | 2025 | 1,396 | 11-17 | — | Non-probability; Harm figures are the Module 2 (harms) subsample: n=1,396 aged 11-17 (Wave 1); self-harm/suicide items narrower still (12-17, consented). Full survey sample n=3,142 aged 8-17. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online Safety Tracker (COST) Wave 2 | 2026 | 1,625 | 11-17 | — | Non-probability; Harm figures use the Wave 2-Wave 1 comparison sample of n=1,625 aged 11–17; the full harms module had 1,652 participants. Full survey sample n=3,387 aged 8-17. Fieldwork 18 Nov - 21 Dec 2025. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online User Ages (CUA) Wave 1 | 2023 | 915 | 8-12 | — | Non-probability; Total 8–12 social-media profile-holder sample, n=915 — the population base for the per-platform underage profile-ownership metric (per-platform bases vary among users of each app). The user-age-gap figures use a subset with a calculable user age (n=755). Full survey n=1,806 aged 8–17. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online User Ages (CUA) Wave 2 | 2024 | 908 | 8-12 | — | Non-probability; Total 8–12 social-media profile-holder sample, n=908 — the population base for the per-platform underage profile-ownership metric (per-platform bases vary among users of each app). The user-age-gap figures use a subset with a calculable user age (n=747). Full survey n=1,808 aged 8–17. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online User Ages (CUA) Wave 3 | 2024 | 840 | 8-12 | — | Non-probability; Total 8–12 social-media profile-holder sample, n=840 — the population base for the per-platform underage profile-ownership metric (per-platform bases vary, e.g. Snapchat 357, TikTok 359, YouTube 690). The user-age-gap figures use a subset with a calculable user age (n=709). Full survey n=1,709 aged 8–17. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Children's Online User Ages (CUA) Wave 4 | 2025 | 898 | 8-12 | — | Non-probability; Total 8–12 social-media profile-holder sample, n=898 (Male 474 + Female 424, unweighted) — the population base for the per-platform underage profile-ownership metric (per-platform bases vary among users of each app). The user-age-gap figures use a subset with a calculable user age (n=755). Full survey n=1,793 aged 8–17. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Online Experiences Tracker (OET) Wave 1 | 2022 | 508 | 13-17 | — | Non-probability; 508 teens of 6,619 total | |||
| UK | Ofcom Online Experiences Tracker (OET) Wave 2 | 2022 | 442 | 13-17 | — | Non-probability; 442 teens of 6,666 total. Waves 1 and 2 contribute to the combined Online Experiences Tracker (2021/22) Summary Report. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Online Experiences Tracker (OET) Wave 4 | 2023 | 976 | 13-17 | — | Non-probability; 976 teens of 14,181 total. Wave 4 findings contribute to Ofcom’s Online Nation 2023 report. Ofcom withdrew Wave 3 due to questionnaire-design errors. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Online Experiences Tracker (OET) Wave 5 | 2024 | 543 | 13-17 | — | Non-probability; 543 teens of 7,611 total. Wave 5 findings are included in Ofcom’s Online Nation 2024 report. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Online Experiences Tracker (OET) Wave 6 | 2024 | 557 | 13-17 | — | Non-probability; 557 teens of 7,837 total. Wave 6 findings are included in Ofcom’s Online Nation 2024 report. | |||
| UK | Ofcom Online Experiences Tracker (OET) Wave 7 | 2025 | 588 | 13-17 | — | Non-probability; 588 teens of 7,966 total. Wave 7 was the last OET wave to include 13–17-year-olds; from Wave 8 in summer 2025, OET samples adults aged 18+ only. | |||
| UK | Youth Endowment Fund (YEF) Children, Violence & Vulnerability | 2024 | 10,387 | 13-17 | — | Non-probability | |||
| US | Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Social Media Study | 2025 | 6,779 | 11-15 | — | Probability (ABCD cohort); ages 11-15; scoped to the n=6,779 who reported ≥1 social media account — the base for the per-platform ownership + SMAQ problematic-use measures; full analytic sample n=10,092; propensity-weighted to the American Community Survey (ACS) | |||
| US | Anti-Defamation League (ADL) Online Hate & Harassment | 2024 | 532 | 13-17 | Non-probability | ||||
| US | CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) 2023 | 2024 | 20,103 | Grades 9–12 | No | Probability; Three-stage cluster, school-based sample. | |||
| US | CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) 2025 | 2026 | 10,710 | Grades 9–12 | No | Probability; Three-stage cluster school sample; 10,710 usable questionnaires. | |||
| US | Common Sense Census: Tweens & Teens | 2022 | 1,306 | 8-18 | — | Probability (Ipsos KnowledgePanel); Underage-use subgroup ages 8-12, n=560. | |||
| US | Common Sense: Double-Edged Sword | 2024 | 1,274 | 14-22 | — | No | Mixed (NORC AmeriSpeak + Dynata); ages 14-22; teen subset 14-17; probability via NORC AmeriSpeak (n=958) + non-probability via Dynata (n=316) | ||
| US | Common Sense: Girls & Mental Health | 2023 | 1,397 | 11-15 | Mixed (SSRS Opinion Panel); girls only; probability via SSRS Opinion Panel (n=307) + non-probability web-panel oversamples (n=1,090) | ||||
| US | Cyberbullying Research Center (CRC) | 2024 | 5,005 | 13-17 | — | No | Non-probability; 2023 fieldwork; reported in 2024 booklet. Complete 2023 instrument not indexed. | ||
| US | Finkelhor Online Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Prevalence | 2024 | 2,639 | 18-28 | No | Probability (Ipsos KnowledgePanel); ages 18-28 asked about childhood experiences | |||
| US | Pew Teens & Cyberbullying | 2022 | 1,316 | 13-17 | — | No | Probability (Ipsos KnowledgePanel) | ||
| US | Pew Teens' Experiences on TikTok, IG, Snap 2026 | 2026 | 1,458 | 13-17 | — | Probability (Ipsos KnowledgePanel); 1,458 teen-parent dyads; harm findings reflect the teen sub-sample of 1,458 (Instagram users N=908, Snapchat users N=772, TikTok users N=996). | |||
| US | Thorn Sextortion | 2025 | 1,200 | 13-20 | — | Non-probability; Ages 13-20 (64% teens 13-17 / 36% young adults 18-20), reporting on experiences under age 18; app-specific delivery follow-up n=267. | |||
| US | Thorn Youth Perspectives 2022 | 2023 | 1,142 | 9-17 | — | Non-probability; n=389 aged 9-12, n=753 aged 13-17 | |||
| US | Thorn Youth Perspectives 2023 | 2024 | 1,040 | 9-17 | — | Non-probability; n=338 aged 9-12, n=702 aged 13-17 | |||
| US | Thorn Youth Perspectives 2024 | 2025 | 1,048 | 9-17 | — | Non-probability; n=280 aged 9-12, n=768 aged 13-17 | |||
| US | Thorn Youth Perspectives 2025 | 2026 | 1,003 | 9-17 | — | Non-probability; n=346 aged 9-12, n=657 aged 13-17 | |||
| US | USC / Stanford — Adolescents’ Experiences of Online Harms by Platform | 2026 | 472 | 13-17 | Probability (USC Understanding America Study); Weighted sample; ages 13–17. The supplement describes 509 eligible respondents, while its unweighted tables use 505; this discrepancy is unresolved. Platform-specific weighted bases vary. |